The+Treaty+of+Brest-Litovsk+1918

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The wording in this article has been altered for easier reading and large sections have been omitted. You can see the whole document at: []. Instructions: This task requires two actions on your part, which are colour coded on the downloadable pdf. file as follows: Define and or explain the meaning of the word or phrase Explain in your own words how this has significance in terms of Russia's development as a new society = = = Edited Version of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk = Foreign Relations of the United States : 1918 The Conclusion of the Peace of Brest Litovsk The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State File No. 763.72119/1583, 1534, 1557, 1565 The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State [Telegrams] Moscow, March 30 and April 2, 1918[|(1)] [Received April 30, April 3, 7, and 11.] 301, 303, 304 and 309. The following is a translation of the- PEACE TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK[|(2)] ARTICLE 1 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other declare that the condition of war between them has ceased. They have decided to live in peace and accord in the future. ARTICLE 2 The contracting parties will refrain from all agitation or propaganda against the governments or all state and military institutions of the other side. Inasmuch as this obligation affects Russia, it affects also the territories occupied by the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. ARTICLE 3 The territories lying to the west of the line determined by the contracting powers and which formerly belonged to Russia will no longer be under her sovereignty. The line determined upon is marked on the appended map (Appendix I), which is an important part of the present treaty of peace.[|(3)] The precise location of this line will be worked out by a German-Russian commission. In respect to the mentioned territories no obligations towards Russia are to be considered as issuing from their formerly having belonged to that country. Russia gives up all interference in the internal affairs of the said territories. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of the said territories with the consent of their inhabitants. ARTICLE 4 Germany is ready, as soon as general peace is established and Russian den mobilization will have completely taken place, to vacate the territories lying east of the line mentioned in part 1 of Article 3, insomuch as Article 6 does not rule otherwise. Russia will do all in her power to have the provinces of eastern Anatolia promptly evacuated and returned to Turkey. The territories of Ardakhan, Kars and Batum will also be cleared without delay of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of internal juridical and international juridical relations of such territories, but will allow the populations of these territories to establish new governments in agreement with neighboring states, especially with Turkey. ARTICLE 5 Russia will, without delay, proceed to demobilize her army, including those army units newly formed by her present government. Moreover Russia will either bring her warships into Russian ports and keep them there until general peace is concluded, or will disarm them at once. The warships of the countries continuing in a state of war with the Quadruple Alliance, in so far as such warships are within the sphere of Russian sovereignty, must be treated as Russian warships. The prohibition zone of the Arctic Ocean remains in force until the conclusion of general peace In the Baltic Sea and those parts of the Black Sea under Russia's supremacy, the clearing away of mine defense must be begun at once. Merchant navigation in those sea regions is free and is to recommence at once. Mixed commissions are to be formed for the purpose of framing more concise regulations and especially for the purpose of publication of general information as to safe courses of sailing for trading vessels. Such courses must always be free of floating mines. ARTICLE 6 Russia undertakes to conclude peace at once with the Ukrainian people's republic and to recognize the treaty of peace between the state and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. The territory of the Ukraine must be, at once, cleared of Russian troops and of the Russian Red Guard. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or the public institutions of the Ukrainia people's republic. Esthonia and Livonia must be also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern boundary of Esthonia passes in general along the River Narova. The eastern boundary of Livonia, in general, crosses the Lakes Chud [Peipus] and Pskov up to the southwestern corner of the latter, thence it runs across Lake Luban in the direction of Lievenhof on the Western Dvina. Esthonia and Livonia will be occupied by German police force until public safety is secured by proper institutions of the country and until governmental order is reestablished. Russia will at once liberate all the inhabitants of Esthonia and Livonia who have been arrested or deported and will secure a safe return of all deported Esthonians and Livonians. Finland and the Aland Islands will be also, without delay, cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard and Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and of Russian naval forces. While ice renders impossible the conveying of warships to Russian ports there must remain on board only a limited crew. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of Finland. The fortifications constructed on the Aland Islands must be razed at the first opportunity. As regards the prohibition to erect fortifications of these islands in the future, as well as the question of their future in general in a military respect and in respect to the technical side of navigation, a special agreement must be concluded between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden; the parties consent that at Germany's desire other countries bordering the Baltic Sea may be called upon to take part in the above agreement. ARTICLE 7 Considering the fact that Persia and Afghanistan are free and independent countries, the contracting parties bind themselves to respect the political and economic independence and the territorial inviolability of Persia and Afghanistan. ARTICLE 8 The prisoners of war of both parties will be allowed to return home. The regulation of questions in connection with the above will be the subject of special treaties mentioned in [|Article 12.] ARTICLE 9 The contracting parties mutually renounce all indemnifications for their war expenses, that is, for government expenses for conducting the war, as well as all compensation of war losses, that is, such losses as were caused them and their citizens in the zone of war by military operations, including all requisitions made in the enemy's country. ARTICLE 10 Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties are resumed at once after ratification of the treaty of peace. ARTICLE 14 The present peace treaty must be ratified. Exchange of ratification documents must take place in Berlin as soon as possible. The Russian Government binds itself to execute the exchange of ratification documents at the desire of one of the powers of the Quadruple Alliance in the course of two weeks. The peace treaty enters into force at the moment of its ratification, unless otherwise stipulated in the respective articles, appendices thereof or supplementary agreements thereto. In witness thereof the plenipotentiaries have with their own hand signed the present treaty. Done in quintuplicate, Brest Litovsk, March 3,1918. THE GERMAN-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT, SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE PEACE TREATY CONCLUDED BETWEEN GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BULGARIA AND TURKEY ON THE ONE HAND AND RUSSIA ON THE OTHER On the basis of [|Article 12] of the peace treaty, concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other, the duly commissioned representatives of the German Empire and the plenipotentiary representatives of the Russian Federal Republic of Soviets have agreed to regulate immediately the reestablishment of public and private juridical relations between Germany and Russia, the exchange of war and civil prisoners, the care of returning fugitives, the amnesty provided for by the conclusion of peace, and also to define the status of merchant vessels fallen into the hands of the enemy, and for this purpose to conclude a supplementary agreement to the peace treaty. These representatives having duly established that their respective full powers which were used at the signing of the peace treaty also empowered them to deal with the questions above enumerated, entered into agreement in regard to the following: CHAPTER I.-Reestablishment of Diplomatic and consular relations ARTICLE 1 On the reestablishment of consular relations in accordance with the terms of Article 10 of the treaty of peace, each high contracting party agrees to admit consuls of the other party to all parts of its territory, except to such places where, for reason of mixed dialect or other, exceptions were made before the war and in so far as such exceptions will equally apply after the war to any third state without any exception whatsoever. In the same manner each high contracting party reserves the right, for military reasons, to admit consuls to certain places only after the conclusion of universal peace. ARTICLE 2 Each high contracting party indemnifies all losses which have been caused during the war within her territory in violation of international law by any action of governing bodies or by the population towards the diplomatic and consular agents of the other, its embassy or consular property, movable or immovable. CHAPTER II.-Reestablishment of political treaties. ARTICLE 4 Each of the contracting parties may advise the other in the course of six months after the signing of the peace treaty what treaties, agreements, or conventions, or their separate decisions are contradictory, in its opinion, to the changes that have taken place during the war. Such agreements or treaties must, as soon as possible, be replaced by new ones, corresponding to the changed views and relations. For the composing of new treaties provided for in paragraph 1, a commission, consisting of representatives of both sides, will be convoked in Berlin in the course of six months after the ratification of the peace treaty. In case the commission in the course of three months after its convocation does not arrive at any agreement, each party has the right to renounce such treaties regarding which it notified the other party as per the first part of paragraph 1; if this concerns separate articles of any treaty, the other party teas the right to reject the whole treaty. ARTICLE 5 Treaties, agreements and conventions in which, besides the contracting parties, other powers take part, enter into force for both parties after the ratification of the peace treaty, in so far as they do not contain contradictory decisions. Separate treaties between both parties, which are connected with collective treaties, are not affected by the provisions of [|Article 3] regarding prolongation of the validity of treaties and Article 4 regarding rejection of treaties. After the conclusion of general peace, both parties reserve the right to take up a definite position in relation to collective treaties of a political nature in which also take part Other belligerent powers. CHAPTER III.-Restoration of private juridical relations [[image:http://vcerevs.wikispaces.com/site/embedthumbnail/placeholder?w=451&h=222 width="451" height="222" caption="Machine generated alternative text: juridical adjective I ju.rid.i.cal I Xju-' ri-di-kalX Definition of JURIDICAL Popularity: Bottom 40% of words of or relating to the administration of justice or the office of a judge of or relating to law or jurisprudence: LEGAL —ju.rid.i.cal.ly "]] 19/01/2016 11:27 AM - Screen Clipping from: [] ARTICLE 6 All regulations existing in the territory of one of the contracting parties, by which the subjects of the other party, on account of special war conditions, are subject to any special limitations (war legislation) in respect to their private rights, become null and void after the ratification of the peace treaty. Just as subjects of each of the contracting parties are regarded, just so are to be regarded juridical persons and companies who have their permanent residence in its territory. Juridical persons and companies who have no permanent residence in its territory, will be placed on equal terms with the country s own subjects, in so far as they are affected in the territory of the other party by regulations governing these subjects. ARTICLE 12 Parcels of land or rights to a parcel of land, privileges for the working of the subsoil, and also rights to the use or exploitation of parcels of land, of an enterprise or a share in an enterprise, especially shares expropriated or forcibly seized in connection with war legislation, must be restored to the former proprietor within one year after the ratification of the peace treaty on the strength of a claim having been tendered,[|(4)] after deducting profits accrued to him as a result of the said expropriation or seizure, exempt from all rights established in the meantime by third parties. The stipulations of part 1 do not apply in so far as the properties expropriated have passed into the lands of the state or of the local self-government and remain in their possession on the ground of legislative acts obligatory for all the inhabitants of the country and for all properties of the same kind. In these cases the compensation to the owner is determined in accordance with the stipulations of [|Art. 13.] In the case of such a transfer being rescinded, the demand for restoration provided for in part 1 may be presented in the course of one year after the rescinding. CHAPTER IV.-Compensation for Civil losses ARTICLE 13 A subject of one of the contracting parties, who has sustained a loss in property on the territory of the opposite party, in consequence of war legislation, owing to having been temporarily or permanently deprived of author's rights, industrial patents, concessions, privileges and such like claims to rights, or offing to supervision, safeguarding, management or expropriation of his' property, must receive corresponding compensation, in so far as the loss has not been compensated for by the restoration of the former state of affairs.. This refers to shareholders who, in the capacity of subjects of hostile countries, were deprived of the right of preemption. ARTICLE 14 Each contracting party shall recompense the civilians of the opposite party for losses caused to them on the territory, during time of the war, by state institutions, or by the population, by acts of violence to life, health and property, contrary to international law. This stipulation also applies to losses sustained by subjects of one party in their capacity of participants in institutions located on the territory of the opposite party. CHAPTER V.-Exchange of war prisoners and Civil prisoners ARTICLE 17 The exchange of prisoners of war provided for in [|Article 8 of the peace treaty] is governed by the following regulations: 1. The prisoners of war of both parties shall be set at liberty to return home, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of the state which took them prisoners, to remain within its boundaries, or leave for another country. The exchange of prisoners of war unfit for military service, which has already begun, will be continued with the greatest possible speed. The exchange of other prisoners of war will take place as speedily as possible at established intervals of time to be exactly determined upon by means of a mutual agreement. Russia will admit and assist, as far as possible, on its territory German commissions which will be charged with the care for German prisoners of war. 2. In liberating prisoners of war, there shall be restored to them their private property which was taken away from them by the authorities of the state which took them prisoners, and also that part of their earnings which has not yet been paid or credited them; this obligation does not apply to written documents of military contents. 3. Each of the contracting parties will refund such expenses for the maintenance of its citizens who have been taken prisoners, incurred by the opposite party, in so far as these expenses have not been compensated for by the work of the prisoners of war in state or private establishments. The payment will be made in the currency of the state which made the prisoners, in separate instalments for each 60,000 persons, to be paid each time within one week of departure. ARTICLE 18 The repatriation of civil prisoners shall be governed by the following regulations: 1. The interned or deported civil prisoners of both parties shall be repatriated free of charge, as soon us possible, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of that state in which they are located, to remain within its boundaries or to leave for another country. The agreement concluded at Petrograd in regard to repatriating civil prisoners shall be put into effect with the greatest possible speed. ARTICLE 20 Each of the contracting parties obligates itself to honor and to maintain in order the graves located on its territory of military as well as other subjects of the opposite party who died during the time of internment or deportation; the persons empowered by this party shall be entitled to enter into agreement with the local authorities in regard to the maintenance and adornment of the graves. In regard to separate questions connected with the maintenance of graves, further agreements will be concluded. CHAPTER VI.-Care of the repatriated ARTICLE 21 The subjects of each of the contracting parties who resided on the territory of the opposite party shall, by means of an agreement with the authorities of this party, be given the right to return to their home country in the course of ten years after the ratification of the peace treaty. Persons who have the right to return to their home country must, at their request, be allowed to leave the country in which they lived up to that time. No hindrance or difficulty shall be put in their way in their written or verbal communications with the diplomatic or consular representatives of their home country. The German commissions provided for in part 4, paragraph 1, [|Article 17], will also take upon themselves the care for the German re-emigrants. ARTICLE 22 Those returning home shall receive a fair indemnification for the injuries caused to them during the time of the war owing to their origin, and, in realization of their right to repatriation, they are not to suffer any detriment of a proprietary or legal character. They shall be entitled to liquidate their property and to take away with them the amount realized, as well as other movable articles; furthermore, they are entitled to repudiate lease contracts, on contrition of giving six months' notice, and the lessor, in this case, is not entitled to claim damages caused to him by the premature cancellation of the lease cony act. CHAPTER VII.-Amnesty ARTICLE 23 Each of the contracting parties shall grant to the subjects of the other party immunity from punishment in accordance with the following regulations: 1. Each of the contracting parties grants to the prisoners of war of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for actions committed by them subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 2. Each of the contracting parties grants to the civil prisoners of the opposite party who were interned or deported during the war, a complete immunity from punishment for actions committed by them during the time of interment or deportation, subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 3. Each of the contracting parties grants to all subjects of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for punishable actions committed by them for the benefit of this party, and for digressions against exceptional laws promulgated in relation to subjects of the hostile country. 4. The immunity from punishment provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not extend to actions committed after the ratification of the peace treaty. ARTICLE 24 Each of the contracting parties shall grant full immunity from punishment to persons belonging to its own army for work done by them in the capacity of prisoners of war to the opposite party. The same applies to work done by civil prisoners of both parties during the time of their internment or deportation. ARTICLE 25 Each of the contracting parties shall grant to inhabitants of its territory occupied by the opposite party complete immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct during the time of occupation. Irrespective of the cases specified in part 1, each of the parties shall grant to the inhabitants of territories which, in accordance with [|Articles 3] and [|5] of the treaty of peace, are no longer in the sovereign possession of Russia or which must be evacuated by Russian troops, full immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct prior to the ratification of the peace treaty. ARTICLE 26 In so far as by the stipulations of [|Articles 23] and [|25] immunity from punishment is granted, no new lawsuits are commenced, and those already commenced shall be stopped, and the punishments already pronounced shall not be put into effect. Prisoners of war who were under preliminary arrest or in prison for military or state treason, premeditated murder, robbery, extortionate robbery, premeditated arson or crime against morality, may be retained under arrest up to the time of their repatriation, which shall coincide as far as possible with the first exchange of those fit for military service. Furthermore, Germany reserves, up to the conclusion of general peace, the right to take such measures against persons to whom she grants immunity from punishment as are necessary for the interests of her military safety. Persons to whom immunity from punishment has been granted, and their families, shall also not be subjected to other limitation of rights; if this has taken place, they shall be restored to their former position. ARTICLE. 27 The contracting parties reserve the right to conclude further agreements, on the grounds of which each of the parties will grant immunity from punishment and other limitations of rights for actions committed to its detriment. CHAPTER VIII.-Status of merchant vessels and cargoes which have fallen into the hands of the enemy ARTICLE 28 To merchant vessels of the contracting parties and to their cargoes shall apply, irrespective of contrary decisions of prize courts, the [|sixth Hague convention of the 18th of October 1907],[|(5)] relating to the treatment of merchant vessels of the enemy country at the commencement of the operations of war, on the basis of the following regulations: The permit for leaving the harbor in the sense of part 1 of [|Article 2] of the said convention can be considered as granted only when this has been recognized by the other enemy maritime powers as well. Merchant vessels which, in accordance with part 2 of [|Article 2] have been utilized, shall either be returned worth for the time of their having been utilized, or, in the event of their having perished, their value is to be refunded in money. In regard to merchant vessels which were not utilized, the country under whose flag they sailed shall refund the reconditioning expenses, but not the fee for their lying in harbor and other expenses In connection therewith. Merchant vessels which, due to their construction, may be converted into warships are included with the other merchant vessels, irrespective of [|Article 5] of the said convention. The stipulations of this article also apply to those merchant vessels which were utilized or seized prior to the commencement of the war. ARTICLE 29 Merchant vessels of the contracting parties, seized as prizes, must be definitely considered as such, if, prior to the signing of the peace treaty, they have been recognized as prizes by the legal Judgments of the prize courts, and if they do not come under the stipulations of [|Articles 28] and [|30]. In all other cases they must be returned; if they have perished, their value shall be refunded in money. The stipulations of part 1 apply to cargoes of subjects of the contracting parties seized as prizes. However, the property of subjects of one party, which, being on board of a vessel under enemy flag, was seized by the opposite party, shall in all cases be restored to the owner, and if this be impossible, its vane shall be refunded in money. ARTICLE 30 Merchant vessels of one of the contracting parties which were seized, confiscated or sunk by the military forces of the opposite party in neutral territorial waters, shall be, as well as their cargoes, irrespective of decisions of prize courts to the contrary, restored, and if they no longer exist, their value shall be refunded in money; for the period of time up to the restoration of the refund of the value of the vessel, compensation shall be made. ARTICLE 31 Merchant vessels which must be returned in accordance with [|Articles 28] to [|30] are placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag they sailed, immediately after ratification of the peace treaty, in the state in which they are at the time and in the harbor in which they are lying. If such vessel is at sea on the day of the ratification, then, after the termination of her voyage and the discharge of the cargo which she had on board on this day, and in no case later than within one month's time, she must be returned, for the interval of time freights are paid at the highest daily rate. If, during the time of the utilization of a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with [|Article 28], her condition has deteriorated to a greater extent than from ordinary wear, this must be correspondingly compensated for. The same applies to a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with[|Article 30], even if she was not utilized. For damage or losses caused after the cessation of military operations by the party which is obliged to return the vessel, a compensation is to be made in all cases. As compensation for a vessel no longer in existence, the selling price for same on the day of the ratification the peace treaty must be paid. As compensation for utilization, freight shall be paid at the normal delivery rate. ARTICLE 32 Immediately upon the ratification of the peace treaty, a commission shall be convoked at a place to be determined upon in the future, to put into effect the stipulations contained in [|Articles 28] to [|31], which commission will consist of two representatives of each of the contracting parties and a neutral chairman. The parties will apply to the President of the Swiss Federal Council for nomination of the chairman of the commission. The commission shall chiefly solve questions as to whether in the individual cases there are grounds for returning or refunding the value of a vessel or for the payment of a compensation and determine the amount to be paid in the currency of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed. These amounts, in the course of one month after they have been determined upon, are to be placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed, for transmission to the owner of the vessel. CHAPTER IX.-Organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago ARTICLE 33 The contracting parties will endeavor to attain that in the international organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago, provided for in the Spitsbergen conference of 1914, both parties shall be placed on an equal footing. For this purpose the Governments of both parties will ask the Royal Norwegian Government to convoke as soon as possible after the conclusion of general peace a continuation of the Spitsbergen conference. APPENDICES II TO V To the treaty of peace between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on one hand, and Russia, On the other hand-Economic agreements between (1) Germany and Russia, Appendix II-(2) Austria-Hungary and Russia, Appendix III-(3) Bulgaria and Russia, Appendix IV-(4)Turkey and Russia, Appendix V  GERMANY AND RUSSIA APPENDIX II In regard to economic relations between Germany and Russia the following agreement is established: 1. The German-Russian commercial treaty of 1894/1904 does not again take effect. The contracting parties obligate themselves to commence negotiations regarding conclusion of a new commercial treaty as soon as possible after the conclusion of a general peace between Germany on the one part, and the European countries at present at war with her and the United States of America and Japan on the other part. 2. As the basis of the commercial co-relationship up to the term mentioned, and in any case up to the 31st of December, 1919, shall be considered the regulations contained in the present appendix, which regulations form an integral part of the present peace treaty. Both contracting parties, are, however, entitled to repudiate these regulations beginning from the 30th of June, 1919, on condition of giving six months' notice. In case of this right of repudiation being utilized before the 31st of December, 1922, then, for a term of three years, reckoning from the date of the cessation of the activity of the stipulations contained in the present appendix, the principle of the most-favored nation shall be established on the territory of the opposite party for the subjects, for commercial, industrial and financial companies, including insurance companies, for the products of agriculture and industries and for vessels of both contracting parties. (Large section omitted here). 4. Russia will not claim the advantages which Germany win grant to Austria-Hungary or any other country connected moth her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Germany or another country connected with her or with Austria-Hungary by customs union. Colonies, outlying possessions and territories under protectorate in this respect are placed on the same basis as the mother country. Germany will not claim the advantages which Russia will grant to another country connected with her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Russia or another country SUPPLEMENT 1 TO APPENDIX II  ARTICLE 1 The subjects of one of the contracting parties, who have settled on the territory of the opposite party or reside temporarily on the same, shall enjoy, in their commercial and business activities, the same rights as the native in habitants, and shall not be subjected to higher or, in general, to special taxes. In the territory of the opposite party they, in all respects, shall enjoy the same rights, privileges, franchises, advantages and exemptions as the subjects of the most-favored nation. Both parties are, however, agreed that special laws, decrees and orders, relating to trade, commerce, industry and police, which govern or will govern in either of the contracting countries, and which apply to all foreigners, will not be affected by these considerations. ARTICLE 2 The subjects of both contracting parties shall have the right, on the territory of the opposite party, on a basis of equality with the native inhabitants, to acquire, to possess and to manage movable and immovable property of every kind, as well as to dispose of the same in the way of sale, exchange, gift, matrimony, legacy or any other method, as well as to receive inheritances through will or on the basis of the law, without being subjected in any one of the cases mentioned, in one way or another, to higher dues, taxes or collections than native inhabitants. ARTICLE 3 The subjects of each of the contracting parties, on the territory of the opposite party, cannot be subjected to juridical, administrative or municipal duties, with the exception of guardianships. They also are exempt from any personal service in the army, Beet, reserve of the territorial army and of the navy, the national militia, as also from all duties, compulsory loans, military requisitions and work of any kind, imposed, in the case of war, or owing to exceptional circumstances; with the exception of duties connected, owing to some standard of rights, with the ownership of a parcel of land, and also the military quartering duty and other special duties for the active army, to which the native inhabitants are liable, and the subjects of the most-favored nation in their capacity of proprietors and lessees of real estate may also be liable. ARTICLE 6 The products of Russian agriculture and industry imported into Germany, and the products of German agriculture and industry imported into Russia, must be on the same footing as the products of the most-favored nation, regardless of whether intended for consumption or for storage, for re-export or for transit. In no case, and for no reasons, must they be subjected to higher or special duties, assessments, taxes or collections, or to additional levies or prohibitions against import, if the same does not apply to analogous products of any other country. In particular, every advantage and facility, every exemption from and reduction of import duties of the general and conventional tariffs, which one of the contracting parties, permanently or temporarily, without a corresponding benefit or against compensation, will grant to a third country, shall be granted to the products of agriculture and industry of the opposite country without any conditions, restrictions or compensations. ARTICLE 10 Goods of any kind, passing through the territory of either of the parties, shall be exempt from any transit dues, irrespective of whether they are transmitted directly or whether they are unloaded during the time of transportation, warehoused and then reloaded. ARTICLE 11 The stipulations of the present agreement do not affect: 1. Advantages which are granted or will be granted in the future to other adjacent countries for facilitating local intercourse, within a boundary zone of fifteen kilometers in width. 2. Advantages which either of the contracting parties grants or will grant in the future to another country on the basis of a customs union, either already in existence or to be established in the future. 3. Advantages which are granted now, or will be granted in the future, to arriving and departing inhabitants of the province of Archangel. However, German imports into that territory shall enjoy, to an equal extent, all customs advantages granted to any European or North American country. ARTICLE 12 (Most of this clause has been omitted from this extract) The subjects of either of the contracting parties, going into the territory of the other to visit fairs and bazaars, to trade or to sell their products, are mutually placed, by both parties, in the same position as the native inhabitants and shall not be subjected to higher duties. ARTICLE 13 In regard to mutual safeguarding of author's rights as regards literary, artistic or photographic products, the stipulations of the agreement concluded between the German Empire and Russia under date of February 28, 1913, will apply in the relations between Germany and Russia. In regard to mutual safeguarding of trade-marks, the stipulations of the declaration of the 23d/11th of July, 1873, shall govern in the future. ARTICLE 17 From tonnage dues and clearance fees are wholly exempt, in the ports of either country: 1. Vessels arriving and leaving from any place in ballast; 2. Vessels coming from a harbor of one of the two countries into one or more harbors of the same country, which can prove that they have paid the said fees in one of the harbors of the same country; 3. Vessels which voluntarily or of necessity arrive with cargo at a port and leave it without having effected any trade. This privilege does not extend to lighthouse dues, pilot dues, towage dues, quarantine dues, and other dues on ships, established for the requirements of traffic, which are paid equally by the local vessels and those of the most-favored nation. If a vessel has come to the port through necessity, the discharge and reloading of goods necessitated by repairs to the ship shall not be considered as a trade dealing, nor shall be considered as such the transferring of cargo into another vessel on account of the unseaworthiness of the former, nor purchases necessary for the sustenance of the crew, nor the sale of deteriorated goods with the consent of the customs authorities. ARTICLE 18 In case a vessel of one of the contracting parties strands near the coast of the opposite country or is wrecked, the vessel, as well as the cargo, shall enjoy the same advantages and privileges which the legislature of the country extends to its own vessels in the same condition. Every assistance and protection shall he rendered to the captain and crew personally, as well as to the vessel and to her cargo. The contracting parties are further agreed that salvaged goods shall not be subjected to customs duties unless the same will be turned over for local consumption. ARTICLE 19 The use of high roads and other roads, canals, locks, ferries, bridges and openings of same, harbors and quays, channel marks and lights, pilots, lifting cranes and scales, warehouses, coast guard and ship's property storing facilities, and so forth, in so far as these constructions or institutions are destined for general communication for general commerce, irrespective of whether they are managed by the state or by private persons with the consent of the state, shall be granted to the subjects of the opposite contracting party on the same conditions and against payment of equal dues as to the subjects of the home country. With the exception of deviations permissible in regard to lighthouses and pilots, these dues shall only be levied if the above-mentioned constructions and institutions have actually been utilized. ARTICLE 20 Both contracting parties reserve the right to establish railway tariffs at their own discretion. However, neither in respect to freight rates nor in respect to the time and method of forwarding shall any difference be made between the subjects of either contracting party. Especially on consignments of goods coming from Russia and destined for a German station, or passing through Germany in transit, no higher rates shall be levied on German railways than on similar German or foreign products going in the same direction and on the same section of the road. The same shall apply on Russian railways for consignments of goods from Germany destined for a Russian station or passing through Russia in transit. Exceptions from the foregoing stipulations are admissible only in so far as consignments at reduced rates for public or charitable purposes are concerned. FINAL PROTOCOL PART I TO THE TEXT OF THE TREATY (These are selected additional notes) To ARTICLE 1 Household effects which have already been in use and movable property of subjects of either contracting party who intend to settle on the territory of the opposite party, shall be exempt in the latter from any import duties. German official consulates and the employees of diplomatic and of said consular institutions dispatched to Russia, shall have the right to receive newspapers and works of science, art and literature, entirely exempt from the Russian censorship. The privileges and advantages accorded, as per Article 2 of the treaty between Germany and Russia of the 8th of December/26th of November, 1874, to consular employees, are also extended to special officials attached to German Consulates in Russia and also to the agents of the Russian financial department and their secretaries (or attaches) in Germany. To ARTICLES 1 AND 12 In the question of passports the subjects of both countries are placed on the footing of the most-favored nation. The passport visa in Russia holds good for six months. This decision includes the visa of the passports of German commercial travelers of the Hebrew faith. The day on which the frontier is crossed will in future be marked on the certificate by both Russian and German authorities, according to both the Russian and German calendar. Certificates will be given in future, as at present, both to Christians and Hebrews. Russian workmen entering Germany for agricultural or other kindred occupations, must be provided as hereto, free of charge, with legal documents valid from February 1 to December 20, new style. These papers must be written in the Russian and German languages. To ARTICLES 6 TO 9 The Russian Government agrees to accept German gold coin in payment of customs duties, at the exchange of 1,000 marks gold for 462 rubles (1 ruble=1/15 imperial). The Russian customhouses will accept in payment German imperial bank notes at the same rate of exchange. To ARTICLE 12 Inasmuch as the import of firearms into Russia is not prohibited, German merchants may bring with them samples of such weapons, but only under the express condition of submission to all general and local regulations actually in force, or which may subsequently be introduced regarding firearms. To ARTICLE 14 The contracting parties reserve to themselves the right of concluding a special agreement regarding navigation and rafting on inland waterways which directly or indirectly connect both countries. . To ARTICLE 20 The contracting parties will support each other, as far as possible, in the question of railroad tariffs, in particular by means of establishing direct freight tariffs. PART II TO CUSTOMHOUSE REGULATIONS (relating to movement of people and goods across international boundaries) 1. The right to forward goods under customs control to other customs institutions is extended by both parties to all customhouses of the first class, which have no railroad communications with the customs institutions having warehouses under their control. However, the condition must be observed that such parcels are subject to corresponding laws and regulations. 2. Both parties agree that the customhouses of both countries must be open all the days of the year, excepting Sundays and legal holidays. 3. The time tables of office hours must be hung in the customhouses of both countries. Office hours for examination of passports and legitimation cards must be fixed for each district and for each frontier crossing place by a special agreement between the respective departments of both countries. Both parties must fix the same hours, must consider local needs, and in the customhouses of the third class, in supplementary customhouses and in frontier crossing places, an interval must be fixed for the dinner of the employees. From <[]> accessed 19 January 2016

  The wording in this article has been altered for easier reading and large sections have been omitted. You can see the whole document at: [].  Instructions: This task requires two actions on your part, colour coded as follows: Define and or explain the meaning of the word or phrase Explain in your own words how this has significance in terms of Russia's development as a new society

 **Foreign Relations of the United States : 1918 The Conclusion of the Peace of Brest Litovsk**  **File No. 763.72119/1583, 1534, 1557, 1565** [Telegrams] Moscow, March 30 and April 2, 1918[|(1)] [Received April 30, April 3, 7, and 11.] 301, 303, 304 and 309. The following is a translation of the-  **PEACE TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK**[|**(2)**] Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other declare that the condition of war between them has ceased. They have decided to live in peace and accord in the future.  **ARTICLE 2** The contracting parties will refrain from all agitation or propaganda against the governments or all state and military institutions of the other side. Inasmuch as this obligation affects Russia, it affects also the territories occupied by the powers of the Quadruple Alliance.  **ARTICLE 3** The territories lying to the west of the line determined by the contracting powers and which formerly belonged to Russia will no longer be under her sovereignty. The line determined upon is marked on the appended map (Appendix I), which is an important part of the present treaty of peace.[|(3)] The precise location of this line will be worked out by a German-Russian commission. In respect to the mentioned territories no obligations towards Russia are to be considered as issuing from their formerly having belonged to that country. Russia gives up all interference in the internal affairs of the said territories. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of the said territories with the consent of their inhabitants.  **ARTICLE 4** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Germany is ready, as soon as general peace is established and Russian den mobilization will have completely taken place, to vacate the territories lying east of the line mentioned in part 1 of Article 3, insomuch as Article 6 does not rule otherwise. Russia will do all in her power to have the provinces of eastern Anatolia promptly evacuated and returned to Turkey. The territories of Ardakhan, Kars and Batum will also be cleared without delay of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of internal juridical and international juridical relations of such territories, but will allow the populations of these territories to establish new governments in agreement with neighboring states, especially with Turkey. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 5** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Russia will, without delay, proceed to demobilize her army, including those army units newly formed by her present government. Moreover Russia will either bring her warships into Russian ports and keep them there until general peace is concluded, or will disarm them at once. The warships of the countries continuing in a state of war with the Quadruple Alliance, in so far as such warships are within the sphere of Russian sovereignty, must be treated as Russian warships. The prohibition zone of the Arctic Ocean remains in force until the conclusion of general peace In the Baltic Sea and those parts of the Black Sea under Russia's supremacy, the clearing away of mine defense must be begun at once. Merchant navigation in those sea regions is free and is to recommence at once. Mixed commissions are to be formed for the purpose of framing more concise regulations and especially for the purpose of publication of general information as to safe courses of sailing for trading vessels. Such courses must always be free of floating mines. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Russia undertakes to conclude peace at once with the Ukrainian people's republic and to recognize the treaty of peace between the state and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. The territory of the Ukraine must be, at once, cleared of Russian troops and of the Russian Red Guard. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or the public institutions of the Ukrainia people's republic. Esthonia and Livonia must be also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern boundary of Esthonia passes in general along the River Narova. The eastern boundary of Livonia, in general, crosses the Lakes Chud [Peipus] and Pskov up to the southwestern corner of the latter, thence it runs across Lake Luban in the direction of Lievenhof on the Western Dvina. Esthonia and Livonia will be occupied by German police force until public safety is secured by proper institutions of the country and until governmental order is reestablished. Russia will at once liberate all the inhabitants of Esthonia and Livonia who have been arrested or deported and will secure a safe return of all deported Esthonians and Livonians. Finland and the Aland Islands will be also, without delay, cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard and Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and of Russian naval forces. While ice renders impossible the conveying of warships to Russian ports there must remain on board only a limited crew. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of Finland. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The fortifications constructed on the Aland Islands must be razed at the first opportunity. As regards the prohibition to erect fortifications of these islands in the future, as well as the question of their future in general in a military respect and in respect to the technical side of navigation, a special agreement must be concluded between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden; the parties consent that at Germany's desire other countries bordering the Baltic Sea may be called upon to take part in the above agreement. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 7** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Considering the fact that Persia and Afghanistan are free and independent countries, the contracting parties bind themselves to respect the political and economic independence and the territorial inviolability of Persia and Afghanistan. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 8** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The prisoners of war of both parties will be allowed to return home. The regulation of questions in connection with the above will be the subject of special treaties mentioned in [|Article 12.] <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 9** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties mutually renounce all indemnifications for their war expenses, that is, for government expenses for conducting the war, as well as all compensation of war losses, that is, such losses as were caused them and their citizens in the zone of war by military operations, including all requisitions made in the enemy's country. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 10** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties are resumed at once after ratification of the treaty of peace. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 14** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The present peace treaty must be ratified. Exchange of ratification documents must take place in Berlin as soon as possible. The Russian Government binds itself to execute the exchange of ratification documents at the desire of one of the powers of the Quadruple Alliance in the course of two weeks. The peace treaty enters into force at the moment of its ratification, unless otherwise stipulated in the respective articles, appendices thereof or supplementary agreements thereto. In witness thereof the plenipotentiaries have with their own hand signed the present treaty. Done in quintuplicate, Brest Litovsk, March 3,1918. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **THE GERMAN-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT, SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE PEACE TREATY CONCLUDED BETWEEN GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BULGARIA AND TURKEY ON THE ONE HAND AND RUSSIA ON THE OTHER** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">On the basis of [|Article 12] of the peace treaty, concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other, the duly commissioned representatives of the German Empire and the plenipotentiary representatives of the Russian Federal Republic of Soviets have agreed to regulate immediately the reestablishment of public and private juridical relations between Germany and Russia, the exchange of war and civil prisoners, the care of returning fugitives, the amnesty provided for by the conclusion of peace, and also to define the status of merchant vessels fallen into the hands of the enemy, and for this purpose to conclude a supplementary agreement to the peace treaty. These representatives having duly established that their respective full powers which were used at the signing of the peace treaty also empowered them to deal with the questions above enumerated, entered into agreement in regard to the following: <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER I.-Reestablishment of** **Diplomatic and consular relations** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">On the reestablishment of consular relations in accordance with the terms of Article 10 of the treaty of peace, each high contracting party agrees to admit consuls of the other party to all parts of its territory, except to such places where, for reason of mixed dialect or other, exceptions were made before the war and in so far as such exceptions will equally apply after the war to any third state without any exception whatsoever. In the same manner each high contracting party reserves the right, for military reasons, to admit consuls to certain places only after the conclusion of universal peace. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 2** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each high contracting party indemnifies all losses which have been caused during the war within her territory in violation of international law by any action of governing bodies or by the population towards the diplomatic and consular agents of the other, its embassy or consular property, movable or immovable. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER II.-Reestablishment of** **political treaties** **.** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties may advise the other in the course of six months after the signing of the peace treaty what treaties, agreements, or conventions, or their separate decisions are contradictory, in its opinion, to the changes that have taken place during the war. Such agreements or treaties must, as soon as possible, be replaced by new ones, corresponding to the changed views and relations. For the composing of new treaties provided for in paragraph 1, a commission, consisting of representatives of both sides, will be convoked in Berlin in the course of six months after the ratification of the peace treaty. In case the commission in the course of three months after its convocation does not arrive at any agreement, each party has the right to renounce such treaties regarding which it notified the other party as per the first part of paragraph 1; if this concerns separate articles of any treaty, the other party teas the right to reject the whole treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 5** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Treaties, agreements and conventions in which, besides the contracting parties, other powers take part, enter into force for both parties after the ratification of the peace treaty, in so far as they do not contain contradictory decisions. Separate treaties between both parties, which are connected with collective treaties, are not affected by the provisions of [|Article 3] regarding prolongation of the validity of treaties and Article 4 regarding rejection of treaties. After the conclusion of general peace, both parties reserve the right to take up a definite position in relation to collective treaties of a political nature in which also take part Other belligerent powers. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER III.-Restoration of private juridical relations** <span style="color: #595959; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">19/01/2016 11:27 AM - Screen Clipping from: [] <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">All regulations existing in the territory of one of the contracting parties, by which the subjects of the other party, on account of special war conditions, are subject to any special limitations (war legislation) in respect to their private rights, become null and void after the ratification of the peace treaty. Just as subjects of each of the contracting parties are regarded, just so are to be regarded juridical persons and companies who have their permanent residence in its territory. Juridical persons and companies who have no permanent residence in its territory, will be placed on equal terms with the country s own subjects, in so far as they are affected in the territory of the other party by regulations governing these subjects. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 12** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Parcels of land or rights to a parcel of land, privileges for the working of the subsoil, and also rights to the use or exploitation of parcels of land, of an enterprise or a share in an enterprise, especially shares expropriated or forcibly seized in connection with war legislation, must be restored to the former proprietor within one year after the ratification of the peace treaty on the strength of a claim having been tendered,[|(4)] after deducting profits accrued to him as a result of the said expropriation or seizure, exempt from all rights established in the meantime by third parties. The stipulations of part 1 do not apply in so far as the properties expropriated have passed into the lands of the state or of the local self-government and remain in their possession on the ground of legislative acts obligatory for all the inhabitants of the country and for all properties of the same kind. In these cases the compensation to the owner is determined in accordance with the stipulations of [|Art. 13.] In the case of such a transfer being rescinded, the demand for restoration provided for in part 1 may be presented in the course of one year after the rescinding. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER IV.-Compensation for Civil losses** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">A subject of one of the contracting parties, who has sustained a loss in property on the territory of the opposite party, in consequence of war legislation, owing to having been temporarily or permanently deprived of author's rights, industrial patents, concessions, privileges and such like claims to rights, or offing to supervision, safeguarding, management or expropriation of his' property, must receive corresponding compensation, in so far as the loss has not been compensated for by the restoration of the former state of affairs.. This refers to shareholders who, in the capacity of subjects of hostile countries, were deprived of the right of preemption. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 14** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each contracting party shall recompense the civilians of the opposite party for losses caused to them on the territory, during time of the war, by state institutions, or by the population, by acts of violence to life, health and property, contrary to international law. This stipulation also applies to losses sustained by subjects of one party in their capacity of participants in institutions located on the territory of the opposite party. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER V.-Exchange of war prisoners and Civil prisoners** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The exchange of prisoners of war provided for in [|Article 8 of the peace treaty] is governed by the following regulations: 1. The prisoners of war of both parties shall be set at liberty to return home, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of the state which took them prisoners, to remain within its boundaries, or leave for another country. The exchange of prisoners of war unfit for military service, which has already begun, will be continued with the greatest possible speed. The exchange of other prisoners of war will take place as speedily as possible at established intervals of time to be exactly determined upon by means of a mutual agreement. Russia will admit and assist, as far as possible, on its territory German commissions which will be charged with the care for German prisoners of war. 2. In liberating prisoners of war, there shall be restored to them their private property which was taken away from them by the authorities of the state which took them prisoners, and also that part of their earnings which has not yet been paid or credited them; this obligation does not apply to written documents of military contents. <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">3. Each of the contracting parties will refund such expenses for the maintenance of its citizens who have been taken prisoners, incurred by the opposite party, in so far as these expenses have not been compensated for by the work of the prisoners of war in state or private establishments. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> The payment will be made in the currency of the state which made the prisoners, in separate instalments for each 60,000 persons, to be paid each time within one week of departure. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 18** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The repatriation of civil prisoners shall be governed by the following regulations: 1. The interned or deported civil prisoners of both parties shall be repatriated free of charge, as soon us possible, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of that state in which they are located, to remain within its boundaries or to leave for another country. The agreement concluded at Petrograd in regard to repatriating civil prisoners shall be put into effect with the greatest possible speed. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 20** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties obligates itself to honor and to maintain in order the graves located on its territory of military as well as other subjects of the opposite party who died during the time of internment or deportation; the persons empowered by this party shall be entitled to enter into agreement with the local authorities in regard to the maintenance and adornment of the graves. In regard to separate questions connected with the maintenance of graves, further agreements will be concluded. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VI.-Care of the repatriated** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of each of the contracting parties who resided on the territory of the opposite party shall, by means of an agreement with the authorities of this party, be given the right to return to their home country in the course of ten years after the ratification of the peace treaty. Persons who have the right to return to their home country must, at their request, be allowed to leave the country in which they lived up to that time. No hindrance or difficulty shall be put in their way in their written or verbal communications with the diplomatic or consular representatives of their home country. The German commissions provided for in part 4, paragraph 1, [|Article 17], will also take upon themselves the care for the German re-emigrants. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 22** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> Those returning home shall receive a fair indemnification for the injuries caused to them during the time of the war owing to their origin, and, in realization of their right to repatriation, they are not to suffer any detriment of a proprietary or legal character. They shall be entitled to liquidate their property and to take away with them the amount realized, as well as other movable articles; furthermore, they are entitled to repudiate lease contracts, on contrition of giving six months' notice, and the lessor, in this case, is not entitled to claim damages caused to him by the premature cancellation of the lease cony act. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VII.-Amnesty** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant to the subjects of the other party immunity from punishment in accordance with the following regulations: 1. Each of the contracting parties grants to the prisoners of war of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for actions committed by them subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 2. Each of the contracting parties grants to the civil prisoners of the opposite party who were interned or deported during the war, a complete immunity from punishment for actions committed by them during the time of interment or deportation, subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 3. Each of the contracting parties grants to all subjects of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for punishable actions committed by them for the benefit of this party, and for digressions against exceptional laws promulgated in relation to subjects of the hostile country. 4. The immunity from punishment provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not extend to actions committed after the ratification of the peace treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 24** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant full immunity from punishment to persons belonging to its own army for work done by them in the capacity of prisoners of war to the opposite party. The same applies to work done by civil prisoners of both parties during the time of their internment or deportation. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 25** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant to inhabitants of its territory occupied by the opposite party complete immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct during the time of occupation. Irrespective of the cases specified in part 1, each of the parties shall grant to the inhabitants of territories which, in accordance with [|Articles 3] and [|5] of the treaty of peace, are no longer in the sovereign possession of Russia or which must be evacuated by Russian troops, full immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct prior to the ratification of the peace treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 26** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In so far as by the stipulations of [|Articles 23] and [|25] immunity from punishment is granted, no new lawsuits are commenced, and those already commenced shall be stopped, and the punishments already pronounced shall not be put into effect. Prisoners of war who were under preliminary arrest or in prison for military or state treason, premeditated murder, robbery, extortionate robbery, premeditated arson or crime against morality, may be retained under arrest up to the time of their repatriation, which shall coincide as far as possible with the first exchange of those fit for military service. Furthermore, Germany reserves, up to the conclusion of general peace, the right to take such measures against persons to whom she grants immunity from punishment as are necessary for the interests of her military safety. Persons to whom immunity from punishment has been granted, and their families, shall also not be subjected to other limitation of rights; if this has taken place, they shall be restored to their former position. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE. 27** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties reserve the right to conclude further agreements, on the grounds of which each of the parties will grant immunity from punishment and other limitations of rights for actions committed to its detriment. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VIII.-Status of merchant vessels and cargoes which have fallen into the hands of the enemy** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To merchant vessels of the contracting parties and to their cargoes shall apply, irrespective of contrary decisions of prize courts, the [|sixth Hague convention of the 18th of October 1907],[|(5)] relating to the treatment of merchant vessels of the enemy country at the commencement of the operations of war, on the basis of the following regulations: The permit for leaving the harbor in the sense of part 1 of [|Article 2] of the said convention can be considered as granted only when this has been recognized by the other enemy maritime powers as well. Merchant vessels which, in accordance with part 2 of [|Article 2] have been utilized, shall either be returned worth for the time of their having been utilized, or, in the event of their having perished, their value is to be refunded in money. In regard to merchant vessels which were not utilized, the country under whose flag they sailed shall refund the reconditioning expenses, but not the fee for their lying in harbor and other expenses In connection therewith. Merchant vessels which, due to their construction, may be converted into warships are included with the other merchant vessels, irrespective of [|Article 5] of the said convention. The stipulations of this article also apply to those merchant vessels which were utilized or seized prior to the commencement of the war. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 29** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels of the contracting parties, seized as prizes, must be definitely considered as such, if, prior to the signing of the peace treaty, they have been recognized as prizes by the legal Judgments of the prize courts, and if they do not come under the stipulations of [|Articles 28] and [|30]. In all other cases they must be returned; if they have perished, their value shall be refunded in money. The stipulations of part 1 apply to cargoes of subjects of the contracting parties seized as prizes. However, the property of subjects of one party, which, being on board of a vessel under enemy flag, was seized by the opposite party, shall in all cases be restored to the owner, and if this be impossible, its vane shall be refunded in money. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 30** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels of one of the contracting parties which were seized, confiscated or sunk by the military forces of the opposite party in neutral territorial waters, shall be, as well as their cargoes, irrespective of decisions of prize courts to the contrary, restored, and if they no longer exist, their value shall be refunded in money; for the period of time up to the restoration of the refund of the value of the vessel, compensation shall be made. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 31** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels which must be returned in accordance with [|Articles 28] to [|30] are placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag they sailed, immediately after ratification of the peace treaty, in the state in which they are at the time and in the harbor in which they are lying. If such vessel is at sea on the day of the ratification, then, after the termination of her voyage and the discharge of the cargo which she had on board on this day, and in no case later than within one month's time, she must be returned, for the interval of time freights are paid at the highest daily rate. If, during the time of the utilization of a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with [|Article 28], her condition has deteriorated to a greater extent than from ordinary wear, this must be correspondingly compensated for. The same applies to a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with[|Article 30], even if she was not utilized. For damage or losses caused after the cessation of military operations by the party which is obliged to return the vessel, a compensation is to be made in all cases. As compensation for a vessel no longer in existence, the selling price for same on the day of the ratification the peace treaty must be paid. As compensation for utilization, freight shall be paid at the normal delivery rate. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 32** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Immediately upon the ratification of the peace treaty, a commission shall be convoked at a place to be determined upon in the future, to put into effect the stipulations contained in [|Articles 28] to [|31], which commission will consist of two representatives of each of the contracting parties and a neutral chairman. The parties will apply to the President of the Swiss Federal Council for nomination of the chairman of the commission. The commission shall chiefly solve questions as to whether in the individual cases there are grounds for returning or refunding the value of a vessel or for the payment of a compensation and determine the amount to be paid in the currency of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed. These amounts, in the course of one month after they have been determined upon, are to be placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed, for transmission to the owner of the vessel. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER IX.-Organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties will endeavor to attain that in the international organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago, provided for in the Spitsbergen conference of 1914, both parties shall be placed on an equal footing. For this purpose the Governments of both parties will ask the Royal Norwegian Government to convoke as soon as possible after the conclusion of general peace a continuation of the Spitsbergen conference. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **APPENDICES II TO V** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 0.2562in; margin-top: 15pt; width: 12.1881in;">To the treaty of peace between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on one hand, and Russia, On the other hand-Economic agreements between (1) Germany and Russia, Appendix II-(2) Austria-Hungary and Russia, Appendix III-(3) Bulgaria and Russia, Appendix IV-(4)Turkey and Russia, Appendix V <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **GERMANY AND RUSSIA** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In regard to economic relations between Germany and Russia the following agreement is established: 1 . The German-Russian commercial treaty of 1894/1904 does not again take effect. The contracting parties obligate themselves to commence negotiations regarding conclusion of a new commercial treaty as soon as possible after the conclusion of a general peace between Germany on the one part, and the European countries at present at war with her and the United States of America and Japan on the other part. 2. As the basis of the commercial co-relationship up to the term mentioned, and in any case up to the 31st of December, 1919, shall be considered the regulations contained in the present appendix, which regulations form an integral part of the present peace treaty. Both contracting parties, are, however, entitled to repudiate these regulations beginning from the 30th of June, 1919, on condition of giving six months' notice. In case of this right of repudiation being utilized before the 31st of December, 1922, then, for a term of three years, reckoning from the date of the cessation of the activity of the stipulations contained in the present appendix, the principle of the most-favored nation shall be established on the territory of the opposite party for the subjects, for commercial, industrial and financial companies, including insurance companies, for the products of agriculture and industries and for vessels of both contracting parties. <span style="color: #5f497a; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **(Large section omitted here).** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">4. Russia will not claim the advantages which Germany win grant to Austria-Hungary or any other country connected moth her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Germany or another country connected with her or with Austria-Hungary by customs union. Colonies, outlying possessions and territories under protectorate in this respect are placed on the same basis as the mother country. Germany will not claim the advantages which Russia will grant to another country connected with her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Russia or another country **SUPPLEMENT 1 TO APPENDIX II** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 1** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of one of the contracting parties, who have settled on the territory of the opposite party or reside temporarily on the same, shall enjoy, in their commercial and business activities, the same rights as the native in habitants, and shall not be subjected to higher or, in general, to special taxes. In the territory of the opposite party they, in all respects, shall enjoy the same rights, privileges, franchises, advantages and exemptions as the subjects of the most-favored nation. Both parties are, however, agreed that special laws, decrees and orders, relating to trade, commerce, industry and police, which govern or will govern in either of the contracting countries, and which apply to all foreigners, will not be affected by these considerations. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 2** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of both contracting parties shall have the right, on the territory of the opposite party, on a basis of equality with the native inhabitants, to acquire, to possess and to manage movable and immovable property of every kind, as well as to dispose of the same in the way of sale, exchange, gift, matrimony, legacy or any other method, as well as to receive inheritances through will or on the basis of the law, without being subjected in any one of the cases mentioned, in one way or another, to higher dues, taxes or collections than native inhabitants. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 3** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> The subjects of each of the contracting parties, on the territory of the opposite party, cannot be subjected to juridical, administrative or municipal duties, with the exception of guardianships. They also are exempt from any personal service in the army, Beet, reserve of the territorial army and of the navy, the national militia, as also from all duties, compulsory loans, military requisitions and work of any kind, imposed, in the case of war, or owing to exceptional circumstances; with the exception of duties connected, owing to some standard of rights, with the ownership of a parcel of land, and also the military quartering duty and other special duties for the active army, to which the native inhabitants are liable, and the subjects of the most-favored nation in their capacity of proprietors and lessees of real estate may also be liable. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The products of Russian agriculture and industry imported into Germany, and the products of German agriculture and industry imported into Russia, must be on the same footing as the products of the most-favored nation, regardless of whether intended for consumption or for storage, for re-export or for transit. In no case, and for no reasons, must they be subjected to higher or special duties, assessments, taxes or collections, or to additional levies or prohibitions against import, if the same does not apply to analogous products of any other country. In particular, every advantage and facility, every exemption from and reduction of import duties of the general and conventional tariffs, which one of the contracting parties, permanently or temporarily, without a corresponding benefit or against compensation, will grant to a third country, shall be granted to the products of agriculture and industry of the opposite country without any conditions, restrictions or compensations. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 10** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Goods of any kind, passing through the territory of either of the parties, shall be exempt from any transit dues, irrespective of whether they are transmitted directly or whether they are unloaded during the time of transportation, warehoused and then reloaded. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 11** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The stipulations of the present agreement do not affect: 1. Advantages which are granted or will be granted in the future to other adjacent countries for facilitating local intercourse, within a boundary zone of fifteen kilometers in width. 2. Advantages which either of the contracting parties grants or will grant in the future to another country on the basis of a customs union, either already in existence or to be established in the future. 3. Advantages which are granted now, or will be granted in the future, to arriving and departing inhabitants of the province of Archangel. However, German imports into that territory shall enjoy, to an equal extent, all customs advantages granted to any European or North American country. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 12** <span style="color: #5f497a; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **(Most of this clause has been omitted from this extract)** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of either of the contracting parties, going into the territory of the other to visit fairs and bazaars, to trade or to sell their products, are mutually placed, by both parties, in the same position as the native inhabitants and shall not be subjected to higher duties. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 13** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In regard to mutual safeguarding of author's rights as regards literary, artistic or photographic products, the stipulations of the agreement concluded between the German Empire and Russia under date of February 28, 1913, will apply in the relations between Germany and Russia. In regard to mutual safeguarding of trade-marks, the stipulations of the declaration of the 23d/11th of July, 1873, shall govern in the future. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 17** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">From tonnage dues and clearance fees are wholly exempt, in the ports of either country: 1. Vessels arriving and leaving from any place in ballast; 2. Vessels coming from a harbor of one of the two countries into one or more harbors of the same country, which can prove that they have paid the said fees in one of the harbors of the same country; 3. Vessels which voluntarily or of necessity arrive with cargo at a port and leave it without having effected any trade. This privilege does not extend to lighthouse dues, pilot dues, towage dues, quarantine dues, and other dues on ships, established for the requirements of traffic, which are paid equally by the local vessels and those of the most-favored nation. If a vessel has come to the port through necessity, the discharge and reloading of goods necessitated by repairs to the ship shall not be considered as a trade dealing, nor shall be considered as such the transferring of cargo into another vessel on account of the unseaworthiness of the former, nor purchases necessary for the sustenance of the crew, nor the sale of deteriorated goods with the consent of the customs authorities. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 18** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In case a vessel of one of the contracting parties strands near the coast of the opposite country or is wrecked, the vessel, as well as the cargo, shall enjoy the same advantages and privileges which the legislature of the country extends to its own vessels in the same condition. Every assistance and protection shall he rendered to the captain and crew personally, as well as to the vessel and to her cargo. The contracting parties are further agreed that salvaged goods shall not be subjected to customs duties unless the same will be turned over for local consumption. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 19** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The use of high roads and other roads, canals, locks, ferries, bridges and openings of same, harbors and quays, channel marks and lights, pilots, lifting cranes and scales, warehouses, coast guard and ship's property storing facilities, and so forth, in so far as these constructions or institutions are destined for general communication for general commerce, irrespective of whether they are managed by the state or by private persons with the consent of the state, shall be granted to the subjects of the opposite contracting party on the same conditions and against payment of equal dues as to the subjects of the home country. With the exception of deviations permissible in regard to lighthouses and pilots, these dues shall only be levied if the above-mentioned constructions and institutions have actually been utilized. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 20** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Both contracting parties reserve the right to establish railway tariffs at their own discretion. However, neither in respect to freight rates nor in respect to the time and method of forwarding shall any difference be made between the subjects of either contracting party. Especially on consignments of goods coming from Russia and destined for a German station, or passing through Germany in transit, no higher rates shall be levied on German railways than on similar German or foreign products going in the same direction and on the same section of the road. The same shall apply on Russian railways for consignments of goods from Germany destined for a Russian station or passing through Russia in transit. Exceptions from the foregoing stipulations are admissible only in so far as consignments at reduced rates for public or charitable purposes are concerned. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **FINAL PROTOCOL** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To ARTICLE 1 Household effects which have already been in use and movable property of subjects of either contracting party who intend to settle on the territory of the opposite party, shall be exempt in the latter from any import duties. <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">German official consulates and the employees of diplomatic and of said consular institutions dispatched to Russia, shall have the right to receive newspapers and works of science, art and literature, entirely exempt from the Russian censorship. The privileges and advantages accorded, as per Article 2 of the treaty between Germany and Russia of the 8th of December/26th of November, 1874, to consular employees, are also extended to special officials attached to German Consulates in Russia and also to the agents of the Russian financial department and their secretaries (or attaches) in Germany. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To ARTICLES 1 AND 12 In the question of passports the subjects of both countries are placed on the footing of the most-favored nation. The passport visa in Russia holds good for six months. This decision includes the visa of the passports of German commercial travelers of the Hebrew faith. The day on which the frontier is crossed will in future be marked on the certificate by both Russian and German authorities, according to both the Russian and German calendar. Certificates will be given in future, as at present, both to Christians and Hebrews. Russian workmen entering Germany for agricultural or other kindred occupations, must be provided as hereto, free of charge, with legal documents valid from February 1 to December 20, new style. These papers must be written in the Russian and German languages. To ARTICLES 6 TO 9 The Russian Government agrees to accept German gold coin in payment of customs duties, at the exchange of 1,000 marks gold for 462 rubles (1 ruble=1/15 imperial). The Russian customhouses will accept in payment German imperial bank notes at the same rate of exchange. To ARTICLE 12 Inasmuch as the import of firearms into Russia is not prohibited, German merchants may bring with them samples of such weapons, but only under the express condition of submission to all general and local regulations actually in force, or which may subsequently be introduced regarding firearms. To ARTICLE 14 The contracting parties reserve to themselves the right of concluding a special agreement regarding navigation and rafting on inland waterways which directly or indirectly connect both countries. . To ARTICLE 20 The contracting parties will support each other, as far as possible, in the question of railroad tariffs, in particular by means of establishing direct freight tariffs. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **PART II** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">1. The right to forward goods under customs control to other customs institutions is extended by both parties to all customhouses of the first class, which have no railroad communications with the customs institutions having warehouses under their control. However, the condition must be observed that such parcels are subject to corresponding laws and regulations. 2. Both parties agree that the customhouses of both countries must be open all the days of the year, excepting Sundays and legal holidays. 3. The time tables of office hours must be hung in the customhouses of both countries. Office hours for examination of passports and legitimation cards must be fixed for each district and for each frontier crossing place by a special agreement between the respective departments of both countries. Both parties must fix the same hours, must consider local needs, and in the customhouses of the third class, in supplementary customhouses and in frontier crossing places, an interval must be fixed for the dinner of the employees. <span style="color: #595959; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">From <[]> accessed 19 January 2016 <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 25px; width: 1px;"> <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; margin-left: 0.277in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; width: 6.8819in;"> The wording in this article has been altered for easier reading and large sections have been omitted. You can see the whole document at: []. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 0.277in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.1666in; unicode-bidi: embed; width: 6.8819in;"> Instructions: <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 0.277in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; width: 6.8819in;">This task requires two actions on your part, colour coded as follows: <span style="background: #ff99cc; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 0.277in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; width: 6.8819in;">Define and or explain the meaning of the word or phrase <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: 0.277in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; width: 6.8819in;">Explain in your own words how this has significance in terms of Russia's development as a new society
 * The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State**
 * The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State**
 * ARTICLE 1**
 * ARTICLE 1**
 * ARTICLE 4**
 * ARTICLE 13**
 * ARTICLE 17**
 * ARTICLE 21**
 * ARTICLE 23**
 * ARTICLE 28**
 * ARTICLE 33**
 * APPENDIX II**
 * PART I**
 * TO THE TEXT OF THE TREATY** **(These are selected additional notes)**
 * TO CUSTOMHOUSE REGULATIONS** **(relating to movement of people and goods across international boundaries)**

<span style="color: #244064; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 15pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0.2562in; margin-top: 0pt; width: 12.1881in;"> **Foreign Relations of the United States : 1918 The Conclusion of the Peace of Brest Litovsk** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **File No. 763.72119/1583, 1534, 1557, 1565** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">[Telegrams] Moscow, March 30 and April 2, 1918[|(1)] [Received April 30, April 3, 7, and 11.] 301, 303, 304 and 309. The following is a translation of the- <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **PEACE TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK**[|**(2)**] <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other declare that the condition of war between them has ceased. They have decided to live in peace and accord in the future. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 2** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties will refrain from all agitation or propaganda against the governments or all state and military institutions of the other side. Inasmuch as this obligation affects Russia, it affects also the territories occupied by the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 3** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The territories lying to the west of the line determined by the contracting powers and which formerly belonged to Russia will no longer be under her sovereignty. The line determined upon is marked on the appended map (Appendix I), which is an important part of the present treaty of peace.[|(3)] The precise location of this line will be worked out by a German-Russian commission. In respect to the mentioned territories no obligations towards Russia are to be considered as issuing from their formerly having belonged to that country. Russia gives up all interference in the internal affairs of the said territories. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of the said territories with the consent of their inhabitants. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 4** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Germany is ready, as soon as general peace is established and Russian den mobilization will have completely taken place, to vacate the territories lying east of the line mentioned in part 1 of Article 3, insomuch as Article 6 does not rule otherwise. Russia will do all in her power to have the provinces of eastern Anatolia promptly evacuated and returned to Turkey. The territories of Ardakhan, Kars and Batum will also be cleared without delay of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of internal juridical and international juridical relations of such territories, but will allow the populations of these territories to establish new governments in agreement with neighboring states, especially with Turkey. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 5** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Russia will, without delay, proceed to demobilize her army, including those army units newly formed by her present government. Moreover Russia will either bring her warships into Russian ports and keep them there until general peace is concluded, or will disarm them at once. The warships of the countries continuing in a state of war with the Quadruple Alliance, in so far as such warships are within the sphere of Russian sovereignty, must be treated as Russian warships. The prohibition zone of the Arctic Ocean remains in force until the conclusion of general peace In the Baltic Sea and those parts of the Black Sea under Russia's supremacy, the clearing away of mine defense must be begun at once. Merchant navigation in those sea regions is free and is to recommence at once. Mixed commissions are to be formed for the purpose of framing more concise regulations and especially for the purpose of publication of general information as to safe courses of sailing for trading vessels. Such courses must always be free of floating mines. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Russia undertakes to conclude peace at once with the Ukrainian people's republic and to recognize the treaty of peace between the state and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. The territory of the Ukraine must be, at once, cleared of Russian troops and of the Russian Red Guard. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or the public institutions of the Ukrainia people's republic. Esthonia and Livonia must be also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern boundary of Esthonia passes in general along the River Narova. The eastern boundary of Livonia, in general, crosses the Lakes Chud [Peipus] and Pskov up to the southwestern corner of the latter, thence it runs across Lake Luban in the direction of Lievenhof on the Western Dvina. Esthonia and Livonia will be occupied by German police force until public safety is secured by proper institutions of the country and until governmental order is reestablished. Russia will at once liberate all the inhabitants of Esthonia and Livonia who have been arrested or deported and will secure a safe return of all deported Esthonians and Livonians. Finland and the Aland Islands will be also, without delay, cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard and Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and of Russian naval forces. While ice renders impossible the conveying of warships to Russian ports there must remain on board only a limited crew. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of Finland. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The fortifications constructed on the Aland Islands must be razed at the first opportunity. As regards the prohibition to erect fortifications of these islands in the future, as well as the question of their future in general in a military respect and in respect to the technical side of navigation, a special agreement must be concluded between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden; the parties consent that at Germany's desire other countries bordering the Baltic Sea may be called upon to take part in the above agreement. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 7** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Considering the fact that Persia and Afghanistan are free and independent countries, the contracting parties bind themselves to respect the political and economic independence and the territorial inviolability of Persia and Afghanistan. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 8** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The prisoners of war of both parties will be allowed to return home. The regulation of questions in connection with the above will be the subject of special treaties mentioned in [|Article 12.] <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 9** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties mutually renounce all indemnifications for their war expenses, that is, for government expenses for conducting the war, as well as all compensation of war losses, that is, such losses as were caused them and their citizens in the zone of war by military operations, including all requisitions made in the enemy's country. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 10** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties are resumed at once after ratification of the treaty of peace. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 14** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The present peace treaty must be ratified. Exchange of ratification documents must take place in Berlin as soon as possible. The Russian Government binds itself to execute the exchange of ratification documents at the desire of one of the powers of the Quadruple Alliance in the course of two weeks. The peace treaty enters into force at the moment of its ratification, unless otherwise stipulated in the respective articles, appendices thereof or supplementary agreements thereto. In witness thereof the plenipotentiaries have with their own hand signed the present treaty. Done in quintuplicate, Brest Litovsk, March 3,1918. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **THE GERMAN-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT, SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE PEACE TREATY CONCLUDED BETWEEN GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BULGARIA AND TURKEY ON THE ONE HAND AND RUSSIA ON THE OTHER** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">On the basis of [|Article 12] of the peace treaty, concluded between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the one hand and Russia on the other, the duly commissioned representatives of the German Empire and the plenipotentiary representatives of the Russian Federal Republic of Soviets have agreed to regulate immediately the reestablishment of public and private juridical relations between Germany and Russia, the exchange of war and civil prisoners, the care of returning fugitives, the amnesty provided for by the conclusion of peace, and also to define the status of merchant vessels fallen into the hands of the enemy, and for this purpose to conclude a supplementary agreement to the peace treaty. These representatives having duly established that their respective full powers which were used at the signing of the peace treaty also empowered them to deal with the questions above enumerated, entered into agreement in regard to the following: <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER I.-Reestablishment of** **Diplomatic and consular relations** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">On the reestablishment of consular relations in accordance with the terms of Article 10 of the treaty of peace, each high contracting party agrees to admit consuls of the other party to all parts of its territory, except to such places where, for reason of mixed dialect or other, exceptions were made before the war and in so far as such exceptions will equally apply after the war to any third state without any exception whatsoever. In the same manner each high contracting party reserves the right, for military reasons, to admit consuls to certain places only after the conclusion of universal peace. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 2** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each high contracting party indemnifies all losses which have been caused during the war within her territory in violation of international law by any action of governing bodies or by the population towards the diplomatic and consular agents of the other, its embassy or consular property, movable or immovable. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER II.-Reestablishment of** **political treaties** **.** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties may advise the other in the course of six months after the signing of the peace treaty what treaties, agreements, or conventions, or their separate decisions are contradictory, in its opinion, to the changes that have taken place during the war. Such agreements or treaties must, as soon as possible, be replaced by new ones, corresponding to the changed views and relations. For the composing of new treaties provided for in paragraph 1, a commission, consisting of representatives of both sides, will be convoked in Berlin in the course of six months after the ratification of the peace treaty. In case the commission in the course of three months after its convocation does not arrive at any agreement, each party has the right to renounce such treaties regarding which it notified the other party as per the first part of paragraph 1; if this concerns separate articles of any treaty, the other party teas the right to reject the whole treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 5** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Treaties, agreements and conventions in which, besides the contracting parties, other powers take part, enter into force for both parties after the ratification of the peace treaty, in so far as they do not contain contradictory decisions. Separate treaties between both parties, which are connected with collective treaties, are not affected by the provisions of [|Article 3] regarding prolongation of the validity of treaties and Article 4 regarding rejection of treaties. After the conclusion of general peace, both parties reserve the right to take up a definite position in relation to collective treaties of a political nature in which also take part Other belligerent powers. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER III.-Restoration of private juridical relations** <span style="color: #595959; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">19/01/2016 11:27 AM - Screen Clipping from: [] <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">All regulations existing in the territory of one of the contracting parties, by which the subjects of the other party, on account of special war conditions, are subject to any special limitations (war legislation) in respect to their private rights, become null and void after the ratification of the peace treaty. Just as subjects of each of the contracting parties are regarded, just so are to be regarded juridical persons and companies who have their permanent residence in its territory. Juridical persons and companies who have no permanent residence in its territory, will be placed on equal terms with the country s own subjects, in so far as they are affected in the territory of the other party by regulations governing these subjects. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 12** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Parcels of land or rights to a parcel of land, privileges for the working of the subsoil, and also rights to the use or exploitation of parcels of land, of an enterprise or a share in an enterprise, especially shares expropriated or forcibly seized in connection with war legislation, must be restored to the former proprietor within one year after the ratification of the peace treaty on the strength of a claim having been tendered,[|(4)] after deducting profits accrued to him as a result of the said expropriation or seizure, exempt from all rights established in the meantime by third parties. The stipulations of part 1 do not apply in so far as the properties expropriated have passed into the lands of the state or of the local self-government and remain in their possession on the ground of legislative acts obligatory for all the inhabitants of the country and for all properties of the same kind. In these cases the compensation to the owner is determined in accordance with the stipulations of [|Art. 13.] In the case of such a transfer being rescinded, the demand for restoration provided for in part 1 may be presented in the course of one year after the rescinding. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER IV.-Compensation for Civil losses** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">A subject of one of the contracting parties, who has sustained a loss in property on the territory of the opposite party, in consequence of war legislation, owing to having been temporarily or permanently deprived of author's rights, industrial patents, concessions, privileges and such like claims to rights, or offing to supervision, safeguarding, management or expropriation of his' property, must receive corresponding compensation, in so far as the loss has not been compensated for by the restoration of the former state of affairs.. This refers to shareholders who, in the capacity of subjects of hostile countries, were deprived of the right of preemption. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 14** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each contracting party shall recompense the civilians of the opposite party for losses caused to them on the territory, during time of the war, by state institutions, or by the population, by acts of violence to life, health and property, contrary to international law. This stipulation also applies to losses sustained by subjects of one party in their capacity of participants in institutions located on the territory of the opposite party. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER V.-Exchange of war prisoners and Civil prisoners** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The exchange of prisoners of war provided for in [|Article 8 of the peace treaty] is governed by the following regulations: 1. The prisoners of war of both parties shall be set at liberty to return home, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of the state which took them prisoners, to remain within its boundaries, or leave for another country. The exchange of prisoners of war unfit for military service, which has already begun, will be continued with the greatest possible speed. The exchange of other prisoners of war will take place as speedily as possible at established intervals of time to be exactly determined upon by means of a mutual agreement. Russia will admit and assist, as far as possible, on its territory German commissions which will be charged with the care for German prisoners of war. 2. In liberating prisoners of war, there shall be restored to them their private property which was taken away from them by the authorities of the state which took them prisoners, and also that part of their earnings which has not yet been paid or credited them; this obligation does not apply to written documents of military contents. <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">3. Each of the contracting parties will refund such expenses for the maintenance of its citizens who have been taken prisoners, incurred by the opposite party, in so far as these expenses have not been compensated for by the work of the prisoners of war in state or private establishments. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> The payment will be made in the currency of the state which made the prisoners, in separate instalments for each 60,000 persons, to be paid each time within one week of departure. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 18** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The repatriation of civil prisoners shall be governed by the following regulations: 1. The interned or deported civil prisoners of both parties shall be repatriated free of charge, as soon us possible, in so far as they do not desire, with the consent of that state in which they are located, to remain within its boundaries or to leave for another country. The agreement concluded at Petrograd in regard to repatriating civil prisoners shall be put into effect with the greatest possible speed. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 20** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties obligates itself to honor and to maintain in order the graves located on its territory of military as well as other subjects of the opposite party who died during the time of internment or deportation; the persons empowered by this party shall be entitled to enter into agreement with the local authorities in regard to the maintenance and adornment of the graves. In regard to separate questions connected with the maintenance of graves, further agreements will be concluded. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VI.-Care of the repatriated** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of each of the contracting parties who resided on the territory of the opposite party shall, by means of an agreement with the authorities of this party, be given the right to return to their home country in the course of ten years after the ratification of the peace treaty. Persons who have the right to return to their home country must, at their request, be allowed to leave the country in which they lived up to that time. No hindrance or difficulty shall be put in their way in their written or verbal communications with the diplomatic or consular representatives of their home country. The German commissions provided for in part 4, paragraph 1, [|Article 17], will also take upon themselves the care for the German re-emigrants. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 22** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> Those returning home shall receive a fair indemnification for the injuries caused to them during the time of the war owing to their origin, and, in realization of their right to repatriation, they are not to suffer any detriment of a proprietary or legal character. They shall be entitled to liquidate their property and to take away with them the amount realized, as well as other movable articles; furthermore, they are entitled to repudiate lease contracts, on contrition of giving six months' notice, and the lessor, in this case, is not entitled to claim damages caused to him by the premature cancellation of the lease cony act. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VII.-Amnesty** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant to the subjects of the other party immunity from punishment in accordance with the following regulations: 1. Each of the contracting parties grants to the prisoners of war of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for actions committed by them subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 2. Each of the contracting parties grants to the civil prisoners of the opposite party who were interned or deported during the war, a complete immunity from punishment for actions committed by them during the time of interment or deportation, subject to judicial or disciplinary punishment. 3. Each of the contracting parties grants to all subjects of the opposite party full immunity from punishment for punishable actions committed by them for the benefit of this party, and for digressions against exceptional laws promulgated in relation to subjects of the hostile country. 4. The immunity from punishment provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not extend to actions committed after the ratification of the peace treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 24** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant full immunity from punishment to persons belonging to its own army for work done by them in the capacity of prisoners of war to the opposite party. The same applies to work done by civil prisoners of both parties during the time of their internment or deportation. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 25** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Each of the contracting parties shall grant to inhabitants of its territory occupied by the opposite party complete immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct during the time of occupation. Irrespective of the cases specified in part 1, each of the parties shall grant to the inhabitants of territories which, in accordance with [|Articles 3] and [|5] of the treaty of peace, are no longer in the sovereign possession of Russia or which must be evacuated by Russian troops, full immunity from punishment for their political or military conduct prior to the ratification of the peace treaty. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 26** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In so far as by the stipulations of [|Articles 23] and [|25] immunity from punishment is granted, no new lawsuits are commenced, and those already commenced shall be stopped, and the punishments already pronounced shall not be put into effect. Prisoners of war who were under preliminary arrest or in prison for military or state treason, premeditated murder, robbery, extortionate robbery, premeditated arson or crime against morality, may be retained under arrest up to the time of their repatriation, which shall coincide as far as possible with the first exchange of those fit for military service. Furthermore, Germany reserves, up to the conclusion of general peace, the right to take such measures against persons to whom she grants immunity from punishment as are necessary for the interests of her military safety. Persons to whom immunity from punishment has been granted, and their families, shall also not be subjected to other limitation of rights; if this has taken place, they shall be restored to their former position. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE. 27** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties reserve the right to conclude further agreements, on the grounds of which each of the parties will grant immunity from punishment and other limitations of rights for actions committed to its detriment. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER VIII.-Status of merchant vessels and cargoes which have fallen into the hands of the enemy** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To merchant vessels of the contracting parties and to their cargoes shall apply, irrespective of contrary decisions of prize courts, the [|sixth Hague convention of the 18th of October 1907],[|(5)] relating to the treatment of merchant vessels of the enemy country at the commencement of the operations of war, on the basis of the following regulations: The permit for leaving the harbor in the sense of part 1 of [|Article 2] of the said convention can be considered as granted only when this has been recognized by the other enemy maritime powers as well. Merchant vessels which, in accordance with part 2 of [|Article 2] have been utilized, shall either be returned worth for the time of their having been utilized, or, in the event of their having perished, their value is to be refunded in money. In regard to merchant vessels which were not utilized, the country under whose flag they sailed shall refund the reconditioning expenses, but not the fee for their lying in harbor and other expenses In connection therewith. Merchant vessels which, due to their construction, may be converted into warships are included with the other merchant vessels, irrespective of [|Article 5] of the said convention. The stipulations of this article also apply to those merchant vessels which were utilized or seized prior to the commencement of the war. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 29** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels of the contracting parties, seized as prizes, must be definitely considered as such, if, prior to the signing of the peace treaty, they have been recognized as prizes by the legal Judgments of the prize courts, and if they do not come under the stipulations of [|Articles 28] and [|30]. In all other cases they must be returned; if they have perished, their value shall be refunded in money. The stipulations of part 1 apply to cargoes of subjects of the contracting parties seized as prizes. However, the property of subjects of one party, which, being on board of a vessel under enemy flag, was seized by the opposite party, shall in all cases be restored to the owner, and if this be impossible, its vane shall be refunded in money. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 30** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels of one of the contracting parties which were seized, confiscated or sunk by the military forces of the opposite party in neutral territorial waters, shall be, as well as their cargoes, irrespective of decisions of prize courts to the contrary, restored, and if they no longer exist, their value shall be refunded in money; for the period of time up to the restoration of the refund of the value of the vessel, compensation shall be made. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 31** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Merchant vessels which must be returned in accordance with [|Articles 28] to [|30] are placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag they sailed, immediately after ratification of the peace treaty, in the state in which they are at the time and in the harbor in which they are lying. If such vessel is at sea on the day of the ratification, then, after the termination of her voyage and the discharge of the cargo which she had on board on this day, and in no case later than within one month's time, she must be returned, for the interval of time freights are paid at the highest daily rate. If, during the time of the utilization of a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with [|Article 28], her condition has deteriorated to a greater extent than from ordinary wear, this must be correspondingly compensated for. The same applies to a vessel liable to be returned in accordance with[|Article 30], even if she was not utilized. For damage or losses caused after the cessation of military operations by the party which is obliged to return the vessel, a compensation is to be made in all cases. As compensation for a vessel no longer in existence, the selling price for same on the day of the ratification the peace treaty must be paid. As compensation for utilization, freight shall be paid at the normal delivery rate. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 32** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Immediately upon the ratification of the peace treaty, a commission shall be convoked at a place to be determined upon in the future, to put into effect the stipulations contained in [|Articles 28] to [|31], which commission will consist of two representatives of each of the contracting parties and a neutral chairman. The parties will apply to the President of the Swiss Federal Council for nomination of the chairman of the commission. The commission shall chiefly solve questions as to whether in the individual cases there are grounds for returning or refunding the value of a vessel or for the payment of a compensation and determine the amount to be paid in the currency of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed. These amounts, in the course of one month after they have been determined upon, are to be placed at the disposal of the country under whose flag the vessel sailed, for transmission to the owner of the vessel. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **CHAPTER IX.-Organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The contracting parties will endeavor to attain that in the international organization of the Spitsbergen Archipelago, provided for in the Spitsbergen conference of 1914, both parties shall be placed on an equal footing. For this purpose the Governments of both parties will ask the Royal Norwegian Government to convoke as soon as possible after the conclusion of general peace a continuation of the Spitsbergen conference. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **APPENDICES II TO V** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.05pt; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-left: 0.2562in; margin-top: 15pt; width: 12.1881in;">To the treaty of peace between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on one hand, and Russia, On the other hand-Economic agreements between (1) Germany and Russia, Appendix II-(2) Austria-Hungary and Russia, Appendix III-(3) Bulgaria and Russia, Appendix IV-(4)Turkey and Russia, Appendix V <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **GERMANY AND RUSSIA** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In regard to economic relations between Germany and Russia the following agreement is established: 1 . The German-Russian commercial treaty of 1894/1904 does not again take effect. The contracting parties obligate themselves to commence negotiations regarding conclusion of a new commercial treaty as soon as possible after the conclusion of a general peace between Germany on the one part, and the European countries at present at war with her and the United States of America and Japan on the other part. 2. As the basis of the commercial co-relationship up to the term mentioned, and in any case up to the 31st of December, 1919, shall be considered the regulations contained in the present appendix, which regulations form an integral part of the present peace treaty. Both contracting parties, are, however, entitled to repudiate these regulations beginning from the 30th of June, 1919, on condition of giving six months' notice. In case of this right of repudiation being utilized before the 31st of December, 1922, then, for a term of three years, reckoning from the date of the cessation of the activity of the stipulations contained in the present appendix, the principle of the most-favored nation shall be established on the territory of the opposite party for the subjects, for commercial, industrial and financial companies, including insurance companies, for the products of agriculture and industries and for vessels of both contracting parties. <span style="color: #5f497a; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **(Large section omitted here).** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">4. Russia will not claim the advantages which Germany win grant to Austria-Hungary or any other country connected moth her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Germany or another country connected with her or with Austria-Hungary by customs union. Colonies, outlying possessions and territories under protectorate in this respect are placed on the same basis as the mother country. Germany will not claim the advantages which Russia will grant to another country connected with her by customs union, either immediately adjoining Russia or another country **SUPPLEMENT 1 TO APPENDIX II** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 1** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of one of the contracting parties, who have settled on the territory of the opposite party or reside temporarily on the same, shall enjoy, in their commercial and business activities, the same rights as the native in habitants, and shall not be subjected to higher or, in general, to special taxes. In the territory of the opposite party they, in all respects, shall enjoy the same rights, privileges, franchises, advantages and exemptions as the subjects of the most-favored nation. Both parties are, however, agreed that special laws, decrees and orders, relating to trade, commerce, industry and police, which govern or will govern in either of the contracting countries, and which apply to all foreigners, will not be affected by these considerations. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 2** <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of both contracting parties shall have the right, on the territory of the opposite party, on a basis of equality with the native inhabitants, to acquire, to possess and to manage movable and immovable property of every kind, as well as to dispose of the same in the way of sale, exchange, gift, matrimony, legacy or any other method, as well as to receive inheritances through will or on the basis of the law, without being subjected in any one of the cases mentioned, in one way or another, to higher dues, taxes or collections than native inhabitants. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 3** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> The subjects of each of the contracting parties, on the territory of the opposite party, cannot be subjected to juridical, administrative or municipal duties, with the exception of guardianships. They also are exempt from any personal service in the army, Beet, reserve of the territorial army and of the navy, the national militia, as also from all duties, compulsory loans, military requisitions and work of any kind, imposed, in the case of war, or owing to exceptional circumstances; with the exception of duties connected, owing to some standard of rights, with the ownership of a parcel of land, and also the military quartering duty and other special duties for the active army, to which the native inhabitants are liable, and the subjects of the most-favored nation in their capacity of proprietors and lessees of real estate may also be liable. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 6** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The products of Russian agriculture and industry imported into Germany, and the products of German agriculture and industry imported into Russia, must be on the same footing as the products of the most-favored nation, regardless of whether intended for consumption or for storage, for re-export or for transit. In no case, and for no reasons, must they be subjected to higher or special duties, assessments, taxes or collections, or to additional levies or prohibitions against import, if the same does not apply to analogous products of any other country. In particular, every advantage and facility, every exemption from and reduction of import duties of the general and conventional tariffs, which one of the contracting parties, permanently or temporarily, without a corresponding benefit or against compensation, will grant to a third country, shall be granted to the products of agriculture and industry of the opposite country without any conditions, restrictions or compensations. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 10** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Goods of any kind, passing through the territory of either of the parties, shall be exempt from any transit dues, irrespective of whether they are transmitted directly or whether they are unloaded during the time of transportation, warehoused and then reloaded. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 11** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The stipulations of the present agreement do not affect: 1. Advantages which are granted or will be granted in the future to other adjacent countries for facilitating local intercourse, within a boundary zone of fifteen kilometers in width. 2. Advantages which either of the contracting parties grants or will grant in the future to another country on the basis of a customs union, either already in existence or to be established in the future. 3. Advantages which are granted now, or will be granted in the future, to arriving and departing inhabitants of the province of Archangel. However, German imports into that territory shall enjoy, to an equal extent, all customs advantages granted to any European or North American country. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 12** <span style="color: #5f497a; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **(Most of this clause has been omitted from this extract)** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The subjects of either of the contracting parties, going into the territory of the other to visit fairs and bazaars, to trade or to sell their products, are mutually placed, by both parties, in the same position as the native inhabitants and shall not be subjected to higher duties. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 13** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In regard to mutual safeguarding of author's rights as regards literary, artistic or photographic products, the stipulations of the agreement concluded between the German Empire and Russia under date of February 28, 1913, will apply in the relations between Germany and Russia. In regard to mutual safeguarding of trade-marks, the stipulations of the declaration of the 23d/11th of July, 1873, shall govern in the future. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 17** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">From tonnage dues and clearance fees are wholly exempt, in the ports of either country: 1. Vessels arriving and leaving from any place in ballast; 2. Vessels coming from a harbor of one of the two countries into one or more harbors of the same country, which can prove that they have paid the said fees in one of the harbors of the same country; 3. Vessels which voluntarily or of necessity arrive with cargo at a port and leave it without having effected any trade. This privilege does not extend to lighthouse dues, pilot dues, towage dues, quarantine dues, and other dues on ships, established for the requirements of traffic, which are paid equally by the local vessels and those of the most-favored nation. If a vessel has come to the port through necessity, the discharge and reloading of goods necessitated by repairs to the ship shall not be considered as a trade dealing, nor shall be considered as such the transferring of cargo into another vessel on account of the unseaworthiness of the former, nor purchases necessary for the sustenance of the crew, nor the sale of deteriorated goods with the consent of the customs authorities. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 18** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">In case a vessel of one of the contracting parties strands near the coast of the opposite country or is wrecked, the vessel, as well as the cargo, shall enjoy the same advantages and privileges which the legislature of the country extends to its own vessels in the same condition. Every assistance and protection shall he rendered to the captain and crew personally, as well as to the vessel and to her cargo. The contracting parties are further agreed that salvaged goods shall not be subjected to customs duties unless the same will be turned over for local consumption. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 19** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">The use of high roads and other roads, canals, locks, ferries, bridges and openings of same, harbors and quays, channel marks and lights, pilots, lifting cranes and scales, warehouses, coast guard and ship's property storing facilities, and so forth, in so far as these constructions or institutions are destined for general communication for general commerce, irrespective of whether they are managed by the state or by private persons with the consent of the state, shall be granted to the subjects of the opposite contracting party on the same conditions and against payment of equal dues as to the subjects of the home country. With the exception of deviations permissible in regard to lighthouses and pilots, these dues shall only be levied if the above-mentioned constructions and institutions have actually been utilized. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **ARTICLE 20** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">Both contracting parties reserve the right to establish railway tariffs at their own discretion. However, neither in respect to freight rates nor in respect to the time and method of forwarding shall any difference be made between the subjects of either contracting party. Especially on consignments of goods coming from Russia and destined for a German station, or passing through Germany in transit, no higher rates shall be levied on German railways than on similar German or foreign products going in the same direction and on the same section of the road. The same shall apply on Russian railways for consignments of goods from Germany destined for a Russian station or passing through Russia in transit. Exceptions from the foregoing stipulations are admissible only in so far as consignments at reduced rates for public or charitable purposes are concerned. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **FINAL PROTOCOL** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To ARTICLE 1 Household effects which have already been in use and movable property of subjects of either contracting party who intend to settle on the territory of the opposite party, shall be exempt in the latter from any import duties. <span style="background: yellow; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">German official consulates and the employees of diplomatic and of said consular institutions dispatched to Russia, shall have the right to receive newspapers and works of science, art and literature, entirely exempt from the Russian censorship. The privileges and advantages accorded, as per Article 2 of the treaty between Germany and Russia of the 8th of December/26th of November, 1874, to consular employees, are also extended to special officials attached to German Consulates in Russia and also to the agents of the Russian financial department and their secretaries (or attaches) in Germany. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">To ARTICLES 1 AND 12 In the question of passports the subjects of both countries are placed on the footing of the most-favored nation. The passport visa in Russia holds good for six months. This decision includes the visa of the passports of German commercial travelers of the Hebrew faith. The day on which the frontier is crossed will in future be marked on the certificate by both Russian and German authorities, according to both the Russian and German calendar. Certificates will be given in future, as at present, both to Christians and Hebrews. Russian workmen entering Germany for agricultural or other kindred occupations, must be provided as hereto, free of charge, with legal documents valid from February 1 to December 20, new style. These papers must be written in the Russian and German languages. To ARTICLES 6 TO 9 The Russian Government agrees to accept German gold coin in payment of customs duties, at the exchange of 1,000 marks gold for 462 rubles (1 ruble=1/15 imperial). The Russian customhouses will accept in payment German imperial bank notes at the same rate of exchange. To ARTICLE 12 Inasmuch as the import of firearms into Russia is not prohibited, German merchants may bring with them samples of such weapons, but only under the express condition of submission to all general and local regulations actually in force, or which may subsequently be introduced regarding firearms. To ARTICLE 14 The contracting parties reserve to themselves the right of concluding a special agreement regarding navigation and rafting on inland waterways which directly or indirectly connect both countries. . To ARTICLE 20 The contracting parties will support each other, as far as possible, in the question of railroad tariffs, in particular by means of establishing direct freight tariffs. <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;"> **PART II** <span style="direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.6pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">1. The right to forward goods under customs control to other customs institutions is extended by both parties to all customhouses of the first class, which have no railroad communications with the customs institutions having warehouses under their control. However, the condition must be observed that such parcels are subject to corresponding laws and regulations. 2. Both parties agree that the customhouses of both countries must be open all the days of the year, excepting Sundays and legal holidays. 3. The time tables of office hours must be hung in the customhouses of both countries. Office hours for examination of passports and legitimation cards must be fixed for each district and for each frontier crossing place by a special agreement between the respective departments of both countries. Both parties must fix the same hours, must consider local needs, and in the customhouses of the third class, in supplementary customhouses and in frontier crossing places, an interval must be fixed for the dinner of the employees. <span style="color: #595959; direction: ltr; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; margin: 0in; width: 12.1881in;">From <[]> accessed 19 January 2016
 * The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State**
 * The Consul General at Moscow (Summers) to the Secretary of State**
 * ARTICLE 1**
 * ARTICLE 1**
 * ARTICLE 4**
 * ARTICLE 13**
 * ARTICLE 17**
 * ARTICLE 21**
 * ARTICLE 23**
 * ARTICLE 28**
 * ARTICLE 33**
 * APPENDIX II**
 * PART I**
 * TO THE TEXT OF THE TREATY** **(These are selected additional notes)**
 * TO CUSTOMHOUSE REGULATIONS** **(relating to movement of people and goods across international boundaries)**